Education Dissertations and Projects School of Education Qualitative themes resulting from focus groups supported this research question. The only department where there was no significant difference between the managers’ and staff members’ ratings of section 2 of QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PAPER 45 Abstract The abstract consists of to words in a single paragraph, see APA 6th Publication Manual section for guidelines regarding items to be included. After the abstract one the same page and starting a new paragraph are keywords, in italics, that will assist others in researchingFile Size: KB A QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIENCES OF BLACKS IN CANCER CLINICAL TRIALS Terease S. Waite A DISSERTATION in Nursing Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor of Dissertation ____
Qualitative Research: Data Collection, Analysis, and Management
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. In an earlier paper, 1 we presented an introduction to using qualitative research methods in pharmacy practice. In this article, we review some principles of the collection, analysis, and management of qualitative data to help pharmacists interested in doing research in their practice to continue their learning in this area. Qualitative research can help researchers to access the thoughts and feelings of research participants, which can enable development of an understanding of the meaning that people ascribe to their experiences.
Whereas quantitative research methods can be used to determine how many people undertake particular behaviours, qualitative methods can help researchers to understand how and why such behaviours take place. In the previous paper, 1 we outlined 3 commonly used methodologies: ethnography 2grounded theory 3and phenomenology. Grounded theory and its later modified versions e. Qualitative work requires reflection on the part of researchers, both before and during the research process, as a way of providing context and understanding for readers.
When being reflexive, researchers should not try to simply ignore or avoid their own biases as this would likely be impossible ; instead, reflexivity requires researchers to reflect upon and clearly articulate their position and subjectivities world view, perspectives, biasesso that readers can better understand the filters through which questions were asked, data were gathered and analyzed, and findings were reported.
From this perspective, bias dissertation qualitative research subjectivity are not inherently negative but they are unavoidable; as a result, it is best that they be articulated up-front in a manner that is clear and coherent for readers. What qualitative study seeks to convey is why people have thoughts and feelings that might affect the way they behave. Such study may occur in any number of contexts, but here, we focus on pharmacy practice and the way people behave with regard to medicines use e.
As we suggested dissertation qualitative research our earlier article, 1 an important point about qualitative research is that there is no attempt to generalize the findings to a wider population. The role of the researcher in qualitative research is to attempt to access the thoughts and feelings of study participants, dissertation qualitative research.
This is not an easy task, as it involves asking people to talk about things that may be very personal to them. However the data are being collected, a primary responsibility of the researcher is to safeguard participants and their data.
Mechanisms for such safeguarding must be clearly articulated to participants and must be approved by a relevant research ethics review board before the research begins. Researchers and practitioners new to qualitative research should seek advice from an experienced qualitative researcher before embarking on their project. Whatever philosophical standpoint the researcher is taking and whatever the data collection method e.
In addition to the variety of study methodologies available, there are also different ways of making a record of what is said and done during an interview or focus group, such as taking handwritten notes or video-recording. If the researcher is audio- or video-recording data collection, then the recordings must be transcribed verbatim before data analysis can begin, dissertation qualitative research.
Field notes allow the researcher to maintain and comment upon impressions, environmental contexts, behaviours, and nonverbal cues that may not be adequately captured through the audio-recording; they are typically handwritten in dissertation qualitative research small notebook at the same time the dissertation qualitative research takes place.
Field notes can provide important context to the interpretation of audio-taped data and can help remind the researcher of situational factors that may be important during data analysis. Such notes need not be formal, but they should be maintained and secured in a similar manner to audio tapes and transcripts, as they contain sensitive information and are relevant to the research. It is their voices that the researcher is trying to hear, so that they can be interpreted and reported on for others to read and learn from.
To illustrate this point, consider the anonymized transcript excerpt presented in Dissertation qualitative research 1which is taken from a research interview conducted by one of the authors J.
We refer to this excerpt throughout the remainder of this paper to illustrate how data can be managed, analyzed, and presented, dissertation qualitative research. Interpretation of the data will depend on the theoretical standpoint taken by researchers.
The first is the culture of the indigenous population of Canada and the place of this population in society, and the second is the social constructivist theory used in the constructivist grounded theory method, dissertation qualitative research. With regard to the first standpoint, it can be surmised that, to have decided to conduct the research, the researchers must have felt that there was anecdotal evidence of differences in access to arthritis care for patients from indigenous and non-indigenous backgrounds.
With regard to the second standpoint, it can be surmised that the dissertation qualitative research used social constructivist theory because it assumes that behaviour is socially constructed; in other words, dissertation qualitative research, people do things because of the expectations of those in their personal world or in the wider society in which they live, dissertation qualitative research. Thus, these 2 standpoints and there may have been others relevant to the research of Thurston and others 7 will have affected dissertation qualitative research way in which these researchers interpreted the experiences of the indigenous population participants and those providing their care.
Another standpoint is feminist standpoint theory which, dissertation qualitative research, among other things, focuses on marginalized groups in society. Such theories are helpful to researchers, as they enable us to think about things from a different perspective. Being aware of the standpoints you are taking in your own research is one of the foundations of qualitative work.
It is important for the researcher to reflect upon and articulate his or her starting point for such analysis; for example, dissertation qualitative research, in the example, the coder could reflect upon her own experience as a female of a majority ethnocultural group who has dissertation qualitative research within middle class and upper middle class settings. This personal history therefore forms the filter through which the data will be examined. This filter does not diminish the quality or significance of the analysis, since every researcher has his or her own filters; however, by explicitly stating and acknowledging what these filters are, the researcher makes it easer for readers to contextualize the work.
For the dissertation qualitative research of this paper it is assumed that interviews or focus groups have been audio-recorded.
As mentioned above, transcribing is an arduous process, even for the most experienced transcribers, dissertation qualitative research, but it must be done to convert the spoken word to the written word to facilitate analysis. For anyone new to conducting qualitative research, it is beneficial to transcribe at least one interview and one focus group. It is only by doing this that researchers realize how difficult the task is, and this realization affects their expectations when asking others to transcribe.
If the research project has sufficient funding, then a professional transcriber can be hired to do the work. If this is the case, dissertation qualitative research, then it is a good idea to sit down with the transcriber, dissertation qualitative research, if possible, and talk through the research and what the participants were talking about.
This background knowledge for the transcriber is especially important in research in which people are using jargon or medical terms as in pharmacy practice.
Involving your transcriber in this way makes the work both easier and more rewarding, as he or she will feel part of the team. Transcription editing software is also available, but it is expensive, dissertation qualitative research.
For example, ELAN more formally known as EUDICO Linguistic Annotator, developed at the Technical Dissertation qualitative research of Berlin 8 is a tool that can help keep data organized by linking media and data files particularly valuable if, for example, video-taping of interviews is complemented by transcriptions.
It can also be helpful in searching complex data sets. Products such as ELAN do not actually automatically transcribe interviews or complete analyses, and they do require some time and effort to learn; dissertation qualitative research, for some research applications, it may be a valuable to consider such software tools. All audio recordings should be transcribed verbatim, regardless of how intelligible the transcript may be when it is read back.
Lines of text should be numbered. Once the transcription is complete, the researcher should read it while listening to the recording and do the following: correct any spelling or other errors; anonymize the transcript so that the participant cannot be identified from anything that is said e.
Dealing with the transcription of a focus group is slightly more difficult, as multiple voices are involved. In addition, the focus group will usually have 2 facilitators, whose respective roles will help in making sense of the data. While one facilitator guides participants through the topic, the other can make notes about context and group dynamics.
While continuing with the dissertation qualitative research of coding and theming described in the next 2 sectionsdissertation qualitative research, it is important to consider not just what the person is saying but also what they are not saying. For example, dissertation qualitative research, is a lengthy pause an indication that the participant is finding the subject difficult, or is the person simply deciding what to say?
Smith 9 suggested a qualitative research method known as interpretative phenomenological analysis, which has 2 basic tenets: first, that it is rooted in phenomenology, attempting to understand the meaning that individuals ascribe to their lived experiences, and second, dissertation qualitative research, that the researcher must attempt to interpret this meaning in the context of the research.
Larkin and others 10 discussed the importance of not just providing a description of what participants say. Rather, interpretative phenomenological analysis is about getting underneath what a person is saying to try to truly understand the world from his or her perspective. Once all of the research interviews have been transcribed and checked, it is time to begin coding.
Field notes compiled during an interview can be a useful complementary source of information to facilitate this process, as the gap in time between an interview, transcribing, and coding can result in memory bias regarding nonverbal or environmental context issues that may affect interpretation of data.
Coding can be done by hand on a hard copy of the transcript, by making notes in the margin or by highlighting and naming sections of text. More commonly, researchers use qualitative research software e. aspx to help manage their transcriptions.
It is advised that researchers undertake a formal course in dissertation qualitative research use of such software or seek supervision from a researcher experienced in these tools. If we read dissertation qualitative research little more deeply, we can ask ourselves how the participant might have come to feel that the doctor assumed he or she was aware of the diagnosis or indeed that they had only just been told dissertation qualitative research diagnosis.
There are a number of pauses in the narrative that might suggest the participant is finding it difficult to recall that experience. At the end of this excerpt, the participant just trails off, recalling that no-one showed any interest, which makes for very moving reading.
There are no statistical tests that can be used to check reliability and validity as there are in quantitative research. This simple act can result in revisions to the codes and can help to clarify and confirm the research findings. Theming refers to the drawing together of codes from one or more transcripts to present the findings of qualitative research in a coherent and meaningful way. Thus, when the findings are organized for presentation, each theme can become the heading of a section in the report or presentation.
Implications for real life e. This synthesis is the aim of the final stage of qualitative research. There are a number of ways in which researchers can synthesize and present their findings, dissertation qualitative research, but any conclusions drawn by dissertation qualitative research researchers must be supported by direct quotations from the participants. The work of Latif and others 12 gives an example of how qualitative research findings might be presented.
As has been suggested above, if researchers code and theme their material appropriately, dissertation qualitative research will naturally find the headings for sections of their report.
The final presentation of dissertation qualitative research research will usually be in the form of a report or a paper and so should follow accepted academic guidelines. In particular, the article should begin with an introduction, including a literature review and rationale for the research.
There should be a section on the chosen methodology and a brief discussion about why qualitative methodology was most appropriate for the study question and why one particular methodology e, dissertation qualitative research. The method itself should then be described, including ethics approval, choice of participants, mode of recruitment, and method of data collection e.
The findings should be written as if a story is being told; as such, it is not necessary to have a lengthy discussion section at the end. As stated earlier, it is not the intention of qualitative research to allow the findings to be generalized, and therefore this is not, in itself, a limitation.
Planning out the way that findings are to be presented is helpful. It is useful to insert the headings of the sections the themes and then make a note of the codes that exemplify the thoughts and feelings of your participants, dissertation qualitative research.
It is generally advisable to put in the quotations that you want to use for each theme, using each quotation only once. After all this is done, the telling of the story can begin as you give your voice to the experiences of the participants, writing around their quotations.
Finally, as appropriate, it is possible to include examples from literature or policy documents that add support for your findings. It dissertation qualitative research be used in pharmacy practice research to explore how patients feel about their health and their treatment. An understanding of these issues can help pharmacists and other health care professionals to tailor health care to match the individual needs of patients and to develop a concordant relationship.
Doing qualitative research is not easy and may require a complete rethink of how research is conducted, particularly for researchers who are more familiar with quantitative approaches.
There are many ways of conducting qualitative research, and this paper has covered some of the practical issues regarding data collection, analysis, and management.
The participant age late 50s had suffered from a chronic mental health illness for 30 years. As the participant talked about past experiences, the researcher asked:.
Umm—well it was pretty much they could do what they wanted with you because I was put into the er, the er kind of system er, I was just on, dissertation qualitative research.
run-run away.
Writing-up Qualitative Research
, time: 26:39Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods dissertations | Getting started with Lærd Dissertation
Qualitative dissertations. Qualitative dissertations, like qualitative research in general, are often associated with qualitative research methods such as unstructured interviews, focus groups and participant observation. Whilst they do use a set of research methods that are not used in quantitative dissertations, qualitative research is much A qualitative study is appropriate when the goal of research is to explain a phenomenon by relying on the perception of a person’s experience in a given situation (Stake, ). As outlined by Creswell (), a quantitative approach is appropriate when a researcher seeks to understand relationships between variables. Because the purpose of thisFile Size: KB Aug 13, · Topic 1: Research in industrial and organisational psychology from to Changes, choices, and trends. Research Aim: This research will compare the choices, trends, and changes in industrial and organisational psychology. The
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