Racial discrimination or mixed patterns of bias against minorities also exist within the Juvenile justice system especially in processing of Juvenile through the system. Racial differences may seem to be minor outcomes at certain point within the decision making process in the system but they have serious implications when the decisions moves Nov 02, · Concerns about racial and ethnic discrimination are widespread in most of the 17 advanced economies surveyed by Pew Research Center this spring. Majorities of adults in 14 of these places say discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity is a somewhat or very serious problem in their own society – including around three-quarters or more in Studies carried out in the field of racial discrimination provide also direct proof of this humiliating nature of discrimination, as it has been found that experiences of racism and racial discrimination have a direct bearing to the psychological well-being of persons w ho have suffered ethnic discrimination: such experiences were found to increase symptoms related to anxiety and depression
Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System - Criminal justice, Criminal Law Essays, Justice
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Therapy satisfaction was assessed during the screening process and confirmed during the research interview. Therapy narratives were analyzed using consensual qualitative research to identify the client, therapist, essays on racial discrimination, and relational factors that distinguished satisfied from unsatisfied cases. With the quickening pace of population growth among racial and ethnic minorities in North America, interracial encounters in the therapy context are becoming increasingly common.
However, the bulk of these services continue to be provided by White, European American therapists despite efforts to diversify the mental health workforce. While there are a number of visible markers of difference e. As essays on racial discrimination, the psychological significance of race is linked to its interpersonal significance, e.
Along these lines, we choose to emphasize the term race rather than ethnicity to reflect our interest in the former as a highly charged and frequently visible aspect of therapist-client differences that requires psychological processing and interpersonal negotiation. Terminology aside, as the literature on mismatches between therapist and client has expanded, it is clear that we must move beyond treating race as a grouping variable and unpack the various subjective meanings that subtend racial and interracial experience.
These findings confirm that matching by itself is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for therapeutic effectiveness, nor is mismatching inherently problematic. Indeed, clients and therapists frequently differ in their views of how essays on racial discrimination therapy is progressing Hannan et al. Below, we provide a brief review of the literature on the essays on racial discrimination of racial differences on the therapy relationship as it informed the design of our study.
Psychotherapy research involving racial and ethnic minority clients has tended to focus on therapist characteristics such as essays on racial discrimination attitudes Ridley, essays on racial discrimination,multicultural counseling competence Fuertes et al.
For instance, recent work applying the concept of racial microaggressions to the therapy context has demonstrated the ways in which counselors may unconsciously or unintentionally communicate essays on racial discrimination messages to minority clients. Compared to therapist factors, studies of client factors and their relationship to multicultural counseling process and outcome are relatively rare. Although analogue studies of cross-cultural counseling scenarios suggest the importance of client factors such as racial identity and cultural values in predicting help-seeking preferences and counseling process e.
A recent study by Sanders Thompson and Alexander illustrates the limitations of relying upon investigator-developed measures of therapy process, even in the context of investigating actual therapy encounters. Clients assigned to European American therapists were also randomly assigned to one of two conditions regarding how racial differences would be handled during the first session.
For essays on racial discrimination, Bedi interviewed 40 clients about the specific behaviors considered helpful essays on racial discrimination the development of the therapeutic alliance. In general however, the use of racially homogeneous client samples and the absence of data regarding therapist race within this literature make it difficult to evaluate the extent to which findings may generalize to cross-racial or cross-cultural counseling situations.
The resulting theoretical framework provides a rich description of how clients actively conceptualized cultural competence and managed cultural differences in the counseling relationship. One important consideration however is the transferability of their model, given the unique characteristics of the sample: predominantly young women engaged in university studies and all but one reporting that cultural issues were moderately to very important in their sessions Pope-Davis et al.
These instructions provided a conceptually focused but restrictive lens through which clients were asked to evaluate their experience of counseling. Our goal was to identify the therapeutic and extra-therapeutic elements that distinguished client accounts of satisfying and unsatisfying experiences of cross-racial therapy. Findings are used to clarify how REC differences influence the therapeutic relationship and the etic and emic conditions deemed necessary for positive alliance formation.
Whereas phenomenology informed our approach to data collection, CQR was adopted as our data analytic strategy. CQR provides a systematic method for assessing the representativeness of key themes across cases, which was useful for comparing results across clients who had a satisfying versus unsatisfying experience of cross-racial therapy.
A diverse sample of sixteen participants essays on racial discrimination women, 8 men was selected from a larger pool of 33 to create the matched pairs see Table 1.
Participants were recruited across New York City via multilingual advertisements in English, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Spanish posted on electronic and community bulletin boards and local newspapers.
Initial screenings were conducted by phone or email. Eligibility criteria included a self-reported racial mismatch and treatment termination within the prior 12 months, essays on racial discrimination.
Exclusion criteria included a positive screen for psychotic symptoms or other acute symptoms that would compromise their ability to provide informed consent. Individuals who reported current involvement in psychotherapy were also excluded from participation. The broad recruitment effort yielded a demographically diverse essays on racial discrimination of participants, essays on racial discrimination, which is reflected in the demographic diversity of the 16 participants analyzed for this study.
For this sample, ages ranged from 19 to 50, with a mean of Highest educational level was mixed, with 5 participants possessing advanced degrees and 2 an undergraduate degree, 6 who completed some college and 3 who completed high school only. All participants saw non-Hispanic White therapists, and 12 of the 16 therapists seen were female. Length of treatment ranged from 6 weeks to 6 years. Seven participants remained in therapy for one year or more, 7 for 6 months to a year, and 2 were treated for less than 6 months.
For example, two of the Asian clients described feeling resentment towards their families because they believed that childhood traumas they had suffered were exacerbated by cultural norms around gender and family roles. Several participants perceived discrimination from superiors and peers in school and in the workplace, which precipitated their distress and anxiety. Two immigrant clients also reported varying degrees of acculturative stress and experiences of prejudice and discrimination, essays on racial discrimination.
The majority of participants 9 saw therapists in a private practice setting, while 7 were treated in a clinic or hospital. There were no marked differences between clients who were satisfied versus dissatisfied with treatment with regard to age, treatment setting, duration of treatment, or presenting problem.
The only characteristic that varied between groups was educational level: everyone in the unsatisfied group had attended at least some college, whereas three of the participants in the satisfied group had graduated from high school only. There were 11 interviewers in our diverse pool of interview staff, all of whom conducted at least one interview.
The interviewers consisted primarily of M. and Ph. All interviewers received 6 hours of training that included discussion of articles on phenomenology and interviewing and role plays of the interview protocol.
Regular supervision and feedback based on reviews of audiotapes of the interviews was provided by the first author. The semi-structured face-to-face interview lasted between 1 to 3 hours. All interviews were conducted in lab offices on campus. Before the interview began, informed consent was obtained and participants were asked to provide basic demographic information and to complete a checklist of problems that prompted them to seek therapy when they did.
The list of standard questions asked of each essays on racial discrimination is presented in Table 2. Sometimes prior to seeing a therapist, people identify qualities that they want the therapist to have.
What qualities did you identify as being important, essays on racial discrimination, before you went to your first appointment? What do you remember about that first meeting? What was your first impression of your therapist? How much did you feel like you had in common? In what ways did you feel like you were different? Some people consider themselves to be Black or African American, Asian, essays on racial discrimination, Chinese American, Latino, Mexican American, essays on racial discrimination, White, American, Italian American, etc…How do you identify yourself?
For some people it is more important for them to hold on to cultural traditions and values, for others it is more important to be a part of mainstream American culture, for some both are important, and for others, neither is as important as some other aspect of their identity i. What about for you? In your daily life, how does that play out? What do you think? Can you tell me what happened? How satisfied were you with how the misunderstanding was resolved? Thinking back to that first therapy session, did your therapist bring essays on racial discrimination the fact that you were from different racial, ethnic, or cultural backgrounds?
What was that like? IF NO, Did either of you at any time talk about it directly? In general, how sensitive would you say your therapist was to issues related to race, essays on racial discrimination, ethnicity, and culture?
How important is it to you that your therapist shares your background? Questions assessing the effects of race on the therapy relationship explored both the perceived advantages and disadvantages of mismatching. Lastly, clients were asked to draw upon their own experiences to provide recommendations for therapists working with racially different clients.
Thirteen of the 16 participants consented to be contacted one week later to process their reactions to the interview and to clarify any responses that were unclear. However, eight of the 13 were unable to be reached despite repeated attempts.
Following each contact, interviewers completed field notes which included essays on racial discrimination observations, salient themes, and process notes.
Each interview was digitally audiotaped and transcribed. Identifying information was removed and identification numbers were substituted for participant names. For confidentiality purposes, all participant names referenced below are pseudonyms. Interview data were analyzed using CQR Hill et al. CQR emphasizes consensus-building across multiple researchers as a crucial component of the essays on racial discrimination process. To enhance the validity of our interpretations and minimize group-think, we convened a diverse coding team of 5 judges plus an additional 1—2 rotating judges who participated in coding groups composed of 2 to 3 judges each.
All judges were graduate students in psychology and four also served as interviewers. As recommended by Hill et al.
The essays were discussed as a group to facilitate communication and reduce hidden biases pertaining to race, ethnicity, and culture and the therapy relationship, essays on racial discrimination. Doris F. Chang is a licensed clinical psychologist and an assistant professor of clinical psychology.
A second essays on racial discrimination Chinese-American, essays on racial discrimination, she grew up in a predominantly White neighborhood in Texas that encouraged assimilation.
Since leaving Texas inshe has lived and worked in a number of multicultural environments including cities in China and Taiwan, and now considers herself to be bicultural. Alexandra Berk is a doctoral candidate in cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, essays on racial discrimination. In this study, she served as judge and project manager.
Descended from Eastern European Jews, she always maintained an interest in the psychology of oppression and prejudice. While she grew up in a predominantly White suburb of Boston, her experiences and academic interests in race, essays on racial discrimination, culture, and mental health have raised her awareness of the unintentional racism that even well-meaning White service providers can exhibit towards minorities.
She expected that White therapists would not display overtly racist behavior towards their minority clients; however, they may inadvertently marginalize them by endorsing stereotypes or trying too hard to minimize the differences between them.
While we worked to bracket and examine our biases during all phases the study, we acknowledge that our expectations may have unconsciously influenced our understanding and interpretation of the data presented here. Coding essays on racial discrimination the data proceeded in four stages:. The initial set of domains, compiled based on a review of the literature and the interview protocol, was later refined through an iterative process consisting of open coding one transcript at a time and expanding, eliminating, or combining domains as required to fit the data Hill et al.
Racial Discrimination? Know your rights
, time: 3:00Discrimination and racial inequality | Pew Research Center
Oct 01, · The Therapeutic Relationship in Cross-Racial Therapy Dyads. Psychotherapy research involving racial and ethnic minority clients has tended to focus on therapist characteristics such as racial attitudes (Ridley, ), multicultural counseling competence (Fuertes et al., ), and behaviors such as counseling style (Li & Kim, ) that are thought to influence the therapeutic relationship Racial stereotypes are constructed beliefs that all members of the same race share given characteristics. These attributed characteristics are usually negative (Jewell, ). This paper will identify seven historical racial stereotypes of African-Americans and demonstrate that many of these distorted images still exist in society today Rucker C. Johnson, professor of public policy at the University of California, Berkeley, spoke virtually on Tuesday as part of the Racial Foundations of Public Policy series hosted by the University of Michigan’s Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. The series features public policy experts from across the country in conversation with Celeste Watkins-Hayes, director of the Center for
No comments:
Post a Comment